Acne vulgaris, commonly known simply as acne, is a skin condition characterized by the formation of pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads on the face, neck, chest, or back. It occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil, bacteria, or dead skin cells, leading to inflammation and bacterial growth. Acne is the most common skin condition, affecting 80 percent of people aged 11 to 30.
Acne manifests in various forms, each with distinct characteristics. The most common types include comedonal, inflammatory, cystic, and hormonal. Comedonal acne is characterized by comedones, which are noninflammatory lesions. These can be open, known as blackheads, caused by clogged pores, or closed, referred to as whiteheads, resulting from inflamed hair follicles.
Inflammatory acne causes redness, swelling, and pus-filled lesions. This type of acne causes papules, which are small red bumps, pustules, which are pus-filled lesions, and nodules, which are large, painful bumps beneath the skin.
Cystic acne is severe and often painful, characterized by deep, inflamed cysts that can cause scarring. These cysts form when bacteria, oil, and dead skin cells become trapped deep within the skin. In hormonal acne, hormonal fluctuations, particularly during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, can trigger acne flare-ups. This type often manifests as deep cystic lesions along the jawline and chin.
Environmental factors, stress, and dietary choices are significant acne triggers. The environment, which includes pollution, humidity, prolonged sunlight exposure, and air conditioning, influence skin health and exacerbate underlying conditions. Pollution introduces particulate matter and toxins that can clog pores and increase inflammation, contributing to acne development. High humidity levels create an environment conducive to bacterial growth on the skin's surface, leading to acne flare-ups.
Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight can exacerbate acne by causing skin inflammation and increasing the production of sebum, the skin's natural oil. While sunlight may initially dry out acne lesions, prolonged exposure can lead to skin damage and worsen acne in the long term. The cooler air of air-conditioned environments strips the skin of its natural moisture, leading to dryness and irritation, which may worsen acne symptoms.
Stress, which releases the hormone cortisol, can also trigger hormonal fluctuations that intensify acne. Additionally, stress-induced behaviors like touching or picking at the skin can worsen existing acne lesions and lead to scarring.
Frequent consumption of certain foods, especially skim milk, whey protein, and high-sugar diets, may lead to acne breakouts. Dermatologists recommend eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables, especially those rich in beta-carotene and vitamin C, since they reduce inflammation, minimizing the risk of acne breakouts.
Diagnosing acne requires a thorough evaluation by a dermatologist based on clinical symptoms and medical history. The process begins with a visual examination of the skin to identify characteristic acne lesions, including comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts. The dermatologist may inquire about the onset, duration, and severity of symptoms, as well as potential triggers such as hormonal changes, skincare products, and lifestyle factors.
In some cases, additional tests may be recommended to rule out underlying conditions that mimic acne, such as folliculitis or rosacea. These tests may include skin swabs, skin biopsies, or hormone level assessments.
Acne is treatable, and dermatologists offer interventions to reduce inflammation, unclog pores, and prevent future breakouts through a combination of topical medications, oral medications, suggested skincare routines, and lifestyle adjustments. Topical treatments often include benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids, which target acne-causing bacteria, reduce oil production, and promote cell turnover to prevent pore blockages. Oral medications such as antibiotics, hormonal therapies, and isotretinoin may be prescribed for moderate to severe acne or cases resistant to topical treatments.
Skincare routines for acne typically involve gentle cleansing with non-comedogenic products to remove excess oil, dirt, and dead skin cells without worsening irritation. Moisturizers and sunscreens suitable for acne-prone skin can help maintain hydration and protect against UV damage. Dermatologists also recommend lifestyle adjustments, such as dietary modifications and effective stress management techniques. In some cases, procedures like chemical peels or laser therapy may be recommended to address scarring or persistent acne lesions.
