MAGIC AND DEMONOLOGY IN ANCIENT EGYPT 

                                   SYEDA HADIQAH JAWEED

                                                   “MAGIC” 

Different convictions and practices considered separate from both religion and science that is termed as magic.The word is gotten from the old persian word "magu" which applied to strict functionary about which almost to no realization this term was embraced into Ancient Greek some place during the late fifth or 6th century where it was identified with negative implication and as fake, unpredictable, and perilous. This term was embraced by latin in the principal century; it was consolidated with Christianity in the primary century BCE on the grounds that there it was related with devils which is against Christan religion convictions. The idea of enchantment was spread all through the middle age where Christan writers have portrayed numerous acts of enchantment and extraordinary powers, for example, "Charm, black magic, dark enchantment, divination, sorcery, spells , charms , condemnations, and customs'' According to the historian Owen Davies he stated that Magic was “beyond simple definition” having a range of meanings. Michael D. Bailey have defined the term as “profoundly unstable” that given the term many definition like “ varied dramatically across time and between cultures’ Reason why the magic is devers and creates such a complex structure of explanation , wonder what was it like to have such power back in middle age? The belief in magic anc magical powers dates back to the earliest recorded history. In Egypt, for example, a large number of magical papyri,. in Greek, Coptic, and Demotic, have been recovered. The words so powerful that can commend spirits to all the supernatural that exist beyond our imagination. 2 Is religion magic? Or Magic is religion ? One person's religion is another person's scary deviant magic, for Romes the “maggia” had a very pejorative connotation. They used to describe the rituals they didn't like according to the way it was secretive and violent. The archaeologist Drew Willhim defines Magic as a “mechanistic ritual” that adopts elements of religion practices, sometimes exoticized form of religion practice to mostly serve personal ends such as trying to heal a sickness, curse a rival, or exorcise a demon. If we talk about the crystal ball that we see on a fortune tellers table, is it just an attraction or does it have a history? In the 16th century, John Dee, mathematician who was the adviser to Queen Elizabeth I gazed into the crystal ball in the attempt to see vision. Which brings us to its larger category called scrying in which the person stare into reflective surface or object such mirror, water in order to gain prophecy or revelation and in a sense this kind is similar and sometimes overlaps with dream interpretation otherwise known as Oneirology linking back to the famous Joseph who has the coat of many colours. The coat of many colours was given to him by his father Jacob as he was the favorite son who also by the way was prone to receiving dreams, visions. He earlier received a dream about the stairway to heaven “Jacob's ladder”. Magic in ancient Egypt was not a sleight of hand or dream; it was the tackling of the forces of common laws, considered as otherworldly elements, so as to accomplish a specific objective. To the Egyptians, a world without enchantment was incomprehensible. It was through enchantment that the world had been made, enchantment continued the world every day, enchantment recuperated when one was wiped out, gave when one had nothing, and guaranteed one of interminable post-existence. The Egyptologist James Henry Breasted has broadly commented 3 how enchantment implanted each part of old Egyptian life and was "as much an expected result as rest or the readiness of nourishment" . Enchantment was available in one's origination, birth, life, passing, and the great beyond and was spoken to by a divine being who was more seasoned than creation: Heka.Heka was the lord of enchantment and the act of the workmanship itself. An entertainer minister or cleric doctor would summon Heka in the act of heka. The god was referred to as ahead of schedule as the Predynastic time frame (c. 6000-c. 3150 BCE), created during the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150-c. 2613 BCE) and appears in and. Heka never had a sanctuary, clique following, or formal love for the basic explanation that he was so all-inescapable he saturated each territory of Egyptian life. Heka was the force which made parity, concordance, and each other idea or part of life conceivable. In the Coffin Texts, Heka claims this early stage power expressing, "To me had a place in the universe before you divine beings appeared. You have come a while later in light of the fact that I am Heka" (Spell 261). After creation, Heka continued the world as the force which gave the divine beings their capacities. Indeed, even the divine beings dreaded him and, in the expressions of Egyptologist Richard H. Wilkinson, "he was seen as a divine force of incalculable force". This force was clear in one's day by day life: the world worked as it did on account of the divine beings and the divine beings had the option to play out their obligations due to Heka. Heka much like the greek mythology goddess HEKATE (Hecate) was the goddess of magic, witchcraft, the night, moon, ghosts and necromancy. She was the only child of the Titanes Perses and Asteria from whom she received her power over heaven, earth, and sea.Hekate assisted Demeter in her search for Persephone, guiding her through the night with flaming torches. After the mother-daughter reunion she became Persephone's minister and companion in Hades. 4 The Belief in the Power of Magic In a normal Egyptian consistently put stock in the intensity of enchantment to fathom a considerable lot of the most widely recognized issues identifying with wellbeing, love, marriage, youngsters, ghosts and malevolent spirits. The puzzling way and escalated care with which specialists performed incalculable enchantment and mysterious services were astounding! As right on time as in the primary period of extraordinary Egyptian realms, the craft of rehearsing enchantment and spells was basic among the eminence and common residents. There was a general conviction that the earth has an exceptionally close connection with the appalling black market, the sky and air with an endless quantities of noticeable and imperceptible creatures, every one of them either amicable and cordial or adversary and aloof, contingent upon the conditions that were again great or troublesome to men. In old Egypt, black magic was totally logical and organized. In spite of the fact that it was vigorously sprinkled with strict flavor, its training was extremely exact, deliberate, aesthetic and exceptionally sorted out. Old folklore, strict writings, enchantment manuals and mysterious sheets gave us a significant piece of information on the significance of mysterious science as an everyday action. Egyptian black magic and mysterious practices likewise rely upon different subjects like speculative chemistry, crystal gazing, cosmology, home grown medications and creature inventions. The individual who was a steady professional was a specialist, and the person in question would gladly declare that there was the cream of the general public. The Fear of Magic and Protection Old world enchantment in Egypt enforced a kind of significant dread among the conventional individuals, who made it a point to buy special necklaces, herbs, 5 enchantment mixtures and other comparative things from entertainers and alchemists; the majority of these things were only for ensuring the life, home, ranch and other individual merchandise from those strong phantoms and spirits. Mysterious methods and practices demanded "talking right". The celebrated book of "The Book of the Dead". The much observed Book of the Dead expresses that the primary entryways to far off, different universes will never open to you, until you know your mystery name or when you articulate it in a wrong way. Egyptians were the primary individuals to keep up and narrate various eminent books containing endless formulae, chants, recitations, sections, sonnets, spells, charms and enchanted articulations for every day use and for unique purposes. Individuals discovered them valuable in the day by day lives. One such instrument was talismans that were significant for various purposes; special necklaces worn by the living individuals gave assurance from apparitions and spirits, while when put on the dead spirits, they spared them from awful impacts. Ornaments are those natural bits of instruments made by utilizing any materials and some of them cut with otherworldly formulae. Special necklaces likewise arrived in various shapes and sizes like scarab and heart. Talismans additionally came in various structures just to secure various pieces of the body. Egyptian history is additionally a major book of enchantment and mysterious, as the study of enchantment shows up in detail in any event, during the period of Great Moses and his sibling Aaron. Mass migration gives a graphical detail of the exceptional duel between these two siblings; simply recall the celebrated episode of stick transforming into a snake. Moses impact likewise included such things as bug pervasion, sicknesses, and dimness during the day and 6 heavy rains in the whole Egyptian regions. Unexpectedly, the presence of plague all through the nation is an appearance of God's anger and discipline. Lord Solomon was an entertainer to be sure, as referenced in the book, The Wisdom of King Solomon was a performer in fact, as referenced in the book, The Wisdom of Solomon. This book gives subtleties on how God gave him uncommon forces including the capacity to perform enchantment and mysterious. Ruler Solomon had an extraordinary capacity to control even the most impressive evil presences. Ruler Solomon is likewise a realized master in exorcizing apparitions from human bodies. In Egyptian strict examinations, the specialty of language and naming was too a significant custom and it conveyed gigantic force in old Egyptian way of thinking. The goddess Isis was so effective in relieving Ra's snakebite with her enchanted forces. In the year 2700 BC, one of the most established realized writings depicted the god Ptah making the brain and the word by utilizing the intensity of enchantment. The god Thoth gave expressions of enchantment in the old Egyptian enchantment, Egyptians call their local language as those words verbally expressed by divine beings, and the accessible hieroglyphic records notice this as the composition of the hallowed words. Three most significant strict and enchantment writings of antiquated Egypt are: The Pyramid Texts The Coffin Texts The Book of the Dead All the above writings start in the Egyptian pharaonic time of 3000BC to 2000BC. Word and names were the true measures for any enchanted custom, while stunning lines of 7 Symbolic representations applied an embellishment alongside enchanted forces. No big surprise a large portion of the burial service writings discovered written in symbolic representations. The Later Years During the succeeding long stretches of 2700BC and 1 500BC, the Egyptians utilized heka, the enchantment to give numerous advantages and focal points to the world. Numerous emblematic activities of heka applied agreeable and valuable impacts. The most normal specialists of enchantment were the nearby clerics, whom with their mystery information and aptitudes, could yield significant impact over the occupants. They could likewise utilize old writings and treatise of enchantment safeguarded in neighborhood sanctuaries and libraries. Legends state that these men of information could even lifeless things to life and divert over the waters from a lake! Regal lector clerics additionally had a unique task to carry out to shield pharaohs from fiendish impacts and they even started methodology to push the expired pharaohs to resurrection and rebirth. Before first millennium's over BC, nearby ministers parted with their consecrated obligations to proficient 8 entertainers, likewise called hekau. In any case, the sanctuary ministers applied huge ability to recuperate risky maladies like plague that were determined to the earth by the lord of plague, Sekhmet. Ruinous Magic in Historic Ancient Times Even however enchantment was a day by day schedule to recuperate and ensuring individuals, numerous Egyptians likewise made it a point to utilize damaging enchantment strategy to control and harm state adversaries. At the point when a damaging enchantment meeting was required to carry spell of terrible news to the foes of the express, their name was engraved in dirt pots, tablets, dolls, toys and metal symbols and later consumed or broken or even covers in a remote burial ground. In the significant sanctuaries over the land, there were standard revile services to revile adversaries of gods by consuming or harming their pictures. Over all the fiercest lords of the universe joined to battle and annihilate terrible and devilish impacts. During this period, those individuals, who abhorred or loathed the pharaohs, were likewise reviled and segregated to give security to the imperial court. Legend says that a celestial enchantment ensured King Ramses Ill, by regal ministers by making a progression of ideas. spells. sections. Recitations King Ramses Ill, by illustrious ministers by making a progression of mixtures, spells, refrains, recitations and wax puppets and later reviling them with mystical strategies.

Demonology in ancient egypt 

 A Belgium-based Egyptologist has discovered the oldest depictions of ancient Egyptian demons, showing that demonic entities populated the ancient Egyptians' imaginations as far back as 4,000 years ago. These demons gripped their victims and cut off their heads. There is a lot of scholarly conversation over the meaning of old Egyptian evil spirits. An assortment of current terms have been utilized to depict these elements, including 'virtuoso', 'minor heavenly nature' and 'evil spirit' (then again spelt 'daemon'). It ought to be noticed that while the term 'daimon' can allude to evil presences, Particularly irksome substances are Apep, Bes-like elements, hippo-lion elements and the Akhw spirits. Evil presences are hard to recognize from different kinds since there is no antiquated Egyptian word or class for these creatures. Likewise, evil presences share comparable practices, appearances, capacities and names with different classifications of creatures, for example, representations, gods, and even creatures and humans evil spirits are not quite the same as divine force of egypt as the divine beings take care for human dead spirits while evils spirits can contact the dead while they don't generally think about it. The egyptians never spoke to the detestable evil spirits which are scarcely barely there yet the devils they mentioned are god evil spirit defenders like "Ammit" which implies devourer of the dead was a demoness and goddess in old Egyptian religion with a body that was part lion, hippopotamus, and crocodile—the three biggest "man-eating" creatures known to antiquated Egyptians. A funerary god, her titles included "Devourer of the Dead", "Eater of Hearts", and "Great of Death". Ammit lived near the scales of justice in Duat, the Egyptian underworld. In the Hall of Two Truths, Anubis weighed the heart of a person against the feather of Ma'at, the goddess of truth, which was depicted as an ostrich feather (the feather was often pictured in Ma'at's headdress). If the heart was judged to be not pure, Ammit would devour it, and the person 10 undergoing judgment was not allowed to continue their voyage towards Osiris and immortality. Once Ammit swallowed the heart, the soul was believed to become restless forever; this was called "to die a second time". Ammit was not worshipped; instead, she embodied all that the Egyptians feared, threatening to bind them to eternal restlessness if they did not follow the principle of Ma'at. Apep or Apophis was the ancient Egyptian deity who embodied chaos (ı͗zft in Egyptian) and was thus the opponent of light and Ma'at Ra was the solar deity, bringer of light, and thus the upholder of Ma'at. Apep was viewed as the greatest enemy of Ra, and thus was given the title Enemy of Ra, and also "the Lord of Chaos". Apep was seen as a giant snake or serpent leading to such titles as Serpent from the Nile and Evil Dragon. Some elaborations said that he stretched 16 yards in length and had a head made of flint. Apep can be similar to the greek mythology myth of a snake women specially Lamia the lover of god Zeus, who became a child eating monster after the jealous wife of Zues Hera destroyed her childerns. Seth is a god of chaos, fire, deserts, trickery, storms, envy, disorder, violence, and foreigners in ancient Egyptian religion.Set had a positive job where he goes with Ra on his sun oriented pontoon to repulse Apep, the snake of Chaos. Set had an indispensable job as an accommodated combatant. He was master of the red (desert) land, where he was the equalization to Horus' job as ruler of the dark (soil) land In the Osiris legend, the most significant Egyptian fantasy, Set is depicted as the usurper who executed and ruined his own sibling Osiris. Osiris' better half Isis reassembled his body and revived her dead spouse sufficiently long to imagine his child and beneficiary Horus. Horus 11 looked for vengeance upon Set, and the myths describe their conflict. He is the most evil god demon presented in egyptian history. While we believe that magic and demons still exist in this world but their origins does lie in the ruins and secrets of egypt mythology, some taken to the coffins some written on the walls and some inside the pyramid